No one truly knows but they appeared in nearly every country in the world some three thousand three hundred years ago. This was long before Christianity had formed and is in the latter days of Rome where bed bugs started showing up. This continued until 1947when the western world managed to rid themselves of the best but there was a dramatic resurgence in 1997 when the insect reappeared in the western world.
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While many people try to blame refugees and immigrants, and while many countries that are not as rich did still have bed bug issues, the likely cause of their resurgence was an evolution that made them immune to the original chemical used to kill them in the 40s. This means the bed bugs, like all insects, are changing and getting used to our pesticides and treatments. This is why the heat treatment was invented. It is a very expensive treatment that can ruin your home with intense heat, everything must be removed from the house and the process takes twenty-four hours to perform. This means no one can be in the house for that time. This is a time consuming and wildly expensive treatment that very few people would be interested in. The better option is a common commercial treatment using potent pesticides and boiling steam. While this does not kill the eggs the bed bug requires a full 4 weeks to grow through its moulting stages as a nymph to become an adult and lay eggs. If the eggs are allowed to hatch and the exterminator waits for the halfway mark in their development he can kill off all the remaining bed bugs without any issue using only pesticide and steam.
If you want to try to get rid of them yourself it will be a very large process and you will not have access to commercial products, only domestic products allowed for use by untrained people often sold in hardware and grocery stores and containing a very low dose of the poison or pesticide. This means chemical treatments are rarely effective and the better option is to use the elements of nature or your deep freeze to kill them off. Freezing a bed bug or an egg will kill it in twenty-four hours. Leaving almost anything in direct, high UV rays sunlight for 12 hours straight will generally kill all bed bugs and eggs. Placing things in the oven is not recommended, and neither is the microwave, though they will both kill bed bugs but will also burn your cloth. In general, the safest bet is sealing everything up in sealed garbage bags for two weeks, store what you can in the freezer for 24 hours and use sunlight as much as possible to kill bed bugs. Remember it takes 12 hours to do it.